1. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

　　词汇：

　　reclassify 重新分类;flaw 瑕疵，缺点;disorder 混乱，骚乱;akin to 同类，近似

　　句型结构：

　　a. 主干：Society(主语) is reclassifying(谓语)...(宾语) as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities(宾补).

　　reclassify sth as sth 把...重新归类为...

　　翻译：社会正在把某事重新归类为类似于身体残障的性格失衡。

　　b. 修饰成分：

　　Pushed by science, or what claims to be science.

　　Ved短语做状语;what引导的是宾语从句。

　　翻译：

　　由于科学或是所谓科学的推动下。

　　c. Society is reclassifying what (主语)once were considered (谓语)character flaws or moral failing(宾语) as...

　　What 引导的为宾语从句。

　　翻译：把曾经被认为的性格缺陷或者道德缺失重新归类为...

　　组合整句：由于科学或是所谓的科学的推动下，社会正在把曾经被认为的性格缺陷或者道德缺失重新归类为类似于身体残障的性格失衡。

　　2. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

　　词汇：

　　headway 前进，进步;ultimate 根本的，最终的;institution 机构;distinctively特殊地，独特地

　　句型结构：

　　a. If humanity(主语) has made some headway in realizing (谓语)that (宾语从句)the ultimate value (主语)of every institution(of介词短语做定语) is (谓语)its distinctively human effect(宾语).

　　if引导的条件状语从句;that引导的是宾语从句。

　　翻译：

　　如果人类能够进一步意识到每一个机构的最终价值是它独特的人文影响的话。

　　b. We (主语)may well believe(谓语) that (宾语从句)this lesson (主语)has been learned largely through (谓语)dealings with the young(宾语).

　　if条件状语从句的主句;that引导的宾语从句。

　　翻译：

　　我们或许会相信这一教训主要是通过与年轻人的交往而得到的。

　　组合整句：

　　如果人类能够进一步意识到每一个机构的最终价值是它独特的人文影响的话，我们或许会相信这一教训主要是通过与年轻人的交往而得到的。