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本文讲解考研英语语法之【直接引语与间接引语】。语法是英语学习的基础,语法大关不过,阅读、完型、翻译和写作都会有难度,就别提过线和拿高分了。所以说,基础阶段,语法基础要打好。
引用别人说的话叫引语(Quoted Speech)。引语分为直接引语(Direct Speech)和间接引语(Indirect Speech)。直接引语是直接引述别人的原话,间接引语是用自己的话转述别人的话。一般来说,直接引语前后要加引号,间接引语不用引号,而用宾语从句来表达。
"I want to buy a new computer," he said.
他说:“我想买一台新电脑。”(直接引语)
He said that he wanted to buy a new computer.
他说他想买一台新电脑。(间接引语)
1.人称的变化
在直接引语改为间接引语时,人称要相应地变化。下面有一句顺口溜可以方便大家记忆:“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新”。
“一随主”是指如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰,那变为间接引语时,从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
He said,"My sister wants to go with me."
他说:“我的妹妹想要跟我一起走。”(直接引语)
He said his sister wanted to go with him.
他说他的妹妹想要跟他一起走。(间接引语)
“二随宾”是指若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称所修饰,从句中的人称要跟引述部分的主句的宾语一致。如果引述部分的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称。
She said to Mike,“How is your litle sister now?”
地问迈克:“你的妹妹现在怎么样了?”(直接引语)
She asked Mike how his litle sister was then.
地问迈克他的妹妹那时怎么样了。(间接引语)
“第三人称不更新”是指如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰,从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
Mr.John said,"Lucy is a good worker."
的输先生说:“露西是个好员工。”(直接引语)
Mr.John said Lucy was a good worker.
约输先生说露西是个好员工。(间接引语)
2.时态的变化
在直接引语改为间接引语时,时态需要做相应的调整。
①主句的谓语动词是现在时、将来时或现在完成时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态不变。
He says,"I washed my clothes."
他说:“我洗了我的衣服。”(直接引语)
He says that he washed his clothes.
他说他洗了他的衣服。(间接引语)
He will say,"I have turned off the light."
他会说:“我已经关了灯。”(直接引语)
He will say he has turned off the light.
他会说他已经关灯了。(间接引语)
②主句的谓语动词是一般过去时
如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时,动词时态发生一系列的变化,具体如下表所示:
直接引语 | 间接引语 |
一般现在时 | 一般过去时 |
现在进行时 | 过去进行时 |
现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
一般过去时 | 过去完成时 |
过去完成时 | 过去完成时(不变) |
一股将来时 | 过去将来时 |
一般将来进行时 | 过去将来进行时 |
一般将来完成时 | 过去将来完成时 |
He said,"I usually write satories on Sunday.”
他说:“我常在星期天写故事”。(直接引语)
He said that he usually wrote stories on Sunday.
他说他常在星期天写故事。(间接引语)
He said,“I'm using the toilet.”
他说:“我正在用厕所。”(直接引语)
He said that he was using the toilet.
他说他正在用厕所。(间接引语)
She said,“I have not heard from him since last year."
她说:“自从去年以来我就没有收到他的来信。”(直接引语)
She said that she had not heard from him since last year.
她说自从去年以来她就没收到他的来信。(间接引语)
He said,"We shall have finished the task by Friday."
他说:“我们将在周五以前完成工作。”(直接引语)
He said that they should have finished the task by Friday.
他说他们将在周五以前完成工作。(间接引语)
③时态不需要变化的情况
>直接引语是客观真理。
“The moon moves around the earth,"the teacher told us.
“月亮绕着地球转,”老师告诉我们说。(直接引语)
The teacher told us the moon moves around the earth.
老师告诉我们月亮绕着地球转。(间接引语)
>直接引语是过去进行时。
Tom said,"John,where were you going when I called you last night?”
汤姆说:“约输,我昨天晚上给你打电话的时候你去哪里了?”(直接引语)
Tom asked John where he was going when he called him last night.
汤姆问约输他昨天晚上给他打电话的时候他去哪里了。(间接引语)
>直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语。
She said,"I was born on May 20,1990.”
她说:“我出生在1990年5月20日。”(直接引语)
She said she was born on May 20,1990.
地说地出生在1990年5月20日。(间接引语)
>直接引语是一般现在时,表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作。
He said,"I eat breakfast at seven every moming."
他说:“我每天早上7点吃早饭。”(直接引语)
He said he eats breakfast at seven every maming.
他说他每天早上7点吨早饭。(间接引语)
>直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(如ought to,had better,used to)和已经是过去时的形式(如could,should,would,might)。
The leader said,"You had better read the article on Monday.
领导说:“你最好周一读这篇文章。”(直接引语)
The leader said I had better read the article on Monday.
领导说我最好周一读这篇文章。(间接引语)
3.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、方向性动词的变化
在直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、方向性动词的变化规则如下:
类型 | 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
指示代词 | this/ these | that/those |
时间状语 | now | then,at once,at that time |
today | that day,the same day | |
tonight | that night | |
this week (month..) | that week (month...) | |
yesterday | the day before,the previous day | |
the day before yesterday | two days before | |
this week | that week,the same week | |
last week/month | the week/month before,the previous week/month | |
two weeks (months)ago | two weeks (months)before | |
tomorow | the next day,the following day | |
the day after tomorow | in two days' time,two days after | |
three years ago | three years before | |
next week/month | the next week/ month,the following week/month | |
地点状语 | here | there,in that place |
方向性动词 |
come |
go |
bring | take |
He said,“I met my headmaster this moming.”
他说:“我今天早展见到校长了。”(直接引语)
He said that he had met his headmaster that moming.
他说他那天早晨见到校长了。(间接引语)
Lucy said,"I went there last week."
露西说:“上周我去了那儿。”(直接引语)
Lucy said that she had gone there the previous week.
露西说上周她去了那儿。(间接引语)
He said,"I will come here tonight.”
他说:“今晚我将来这儿。”(直接引语)
He said that he would go there that night.
他说那晚他将去那儿。(间接引语)
温馨提示:
时间状语、地点状语、方向性动词不变化的情况。
如果就地转述,here就不必改为there,come也不必改为go;如果当天转述,yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用,间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。
Lee said,"I am free this moming
李说:“我今天上午有空。”(直接引语)
Lee said that he was free this moming
李说他今天上午有空。(间接引语)
4.句式的变化
①直接引语是陈述句,间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。
She said,"Our manager will come in ten minutes."
她说:“我们的经理十分钟后就会来。”(直接引语)
She said that their manager would come in ten minutes.
她说她们的经理十分钟后就会来。(间接引语)
②直接引语是反义疑问句、选择疑问句或一般疑问句,间接引语应改为
由whether或if引导的宾语从句。
She said,"Can you sing,Mike ?"
她说:“迈克,你会唱歌吗?”(直接引语)
She asked Mike if he could sing.
她问迈克是否会唱歌。(间接引语)
"You have brushed your teeth,haven't you?"my father asked.
“你已经刷完牙了,对吗?”我父亲问我。(直接引语)
My father asked me whether I had brushed my teeth.
我父亲问我是否已经刷完牙了。(间接引语)
③直接引语是特殊同句,间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑间副词引导的宾语从句(英语从句必须用陈述句语序)。
He asked me,"When do they have their get-together?
他问我:“他们什么时候聚的会?”(直接引语)
He asked me when they had their gel-together.
他问我他们什么时候聚的会。(间接引语)
④直接引语是祈使句,间接引语应改为 tell/ask/order/beg…sb.(not) to do sth.”句型。
“Bring me a cup of coffee,please,"she said to him.
她对他说:“请给我拿一杯咖啡。”(直接引语)
She asked him to bring her a cup of coffee.
她要他给地拿一杯咖啡。(间接引语)
⑤直接引语是以“Les”开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,通常用“suggest +动名词(或从句)”.
She said,"Let's go to school."
她说:“我们去上学吧!”(直接引语)
She suggested going to school.
她建议去上学。(间接引语)
She suggested that they should go to school.
她建议她们应该去上学。(间接引语)
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